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| c. 1050 |
| | | The rulers of Baghdad harness homing pigeons as postmen. | |
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| 1055 |
| | | Togrul Beg enters Baghdad and is granted by the caliph the title of sultan, which becomes hereditary in his Seljuk dynasty | |
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| c. 1071 |
| | | The campaigns of Alp Arslan, culminating in 1071, give the Seljuk Turks a lasting presence in Anatolia | |
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| 1071 |
| | | The Seljuk Turks and the Byzantines meet in battle at Manzikert, with victory going to the Turks | |
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| 1082 |
| | | Venice acquires valuable trading privileges from Constantinople, her merchants being excused all dues and customs in the Byzantine empire | |
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| 1098 |
| | | After a siege of seven months, the city of Antioch falls to the knights of the first crusade | |
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| 1099 |
| | | Konya, in central Turkey, becomes the capital of the Seljuk Turks, who call themselves sultans of Rum | |
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| 1099 |
| | | Crusaders capture the holy city of Jerusalem and massacre the Muslim and Jewish inhabitants | |
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| c. 1100 |
| | | Greek texts, translated by Arabic scholars in Baghdad, gradually make their way through the Muslim world to Christian Europe | |
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| c. 1109 |
| | | The crusaders now rule the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem, the principality of Antioch and the counties of Tripoli and Edessa | |
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